The French Revolution of 1789 brought significant changes into Europe, i.e. establishing principles of fraternity and equality before the law. This incident was followed by a period known as Enlightenment, which shifted away from reactionary movements.

However, especially in the first half of the 19th century, absolutism and monarchies were reinstated in some countries. Despite difficult negotiations during and after the Napoleonic era, the so called Vienna Congress (year 1815 onwards) tried to find border ‘adjustments’ between some States in Europe. The Austrian Chancellor Metternich became the dominant politician in the Habsburg Empire, after the year 1867 known as ‘”Double Monarchy Austria / Hungary”.

The original contents in our microfiches edition La Caricature were published weekly in France during the years 1830 – 1835. This Periodical is a milestone for an emerging Political Satire in France, just as an subtle expression for political opposition using/printing satirical texts and drawings. In the year 1835 King Louis Philippe ordered to stop immediately further publications of La Caricature.

Our eBook collection German Revolutionaries 1848/49 – their Impact in  19th Century USA with 53 eBooks, contains 16 fictional eBooks, and 37 non-fictional eBooks: 41 eBooks are in German Language, 12 eBooks are in English; originally 10 titles were  printed in German speaking countries, 43 titles were printed in the USA. The original ‘physical’ works with their contents in our eBooks, were primarily collected and preserved in Wisconsin / USA. During the mid-19th century the State of Wisconsin – with its major cities Milwaukee and Madison – became popular destinations for German immigrants.

Our titles compiled under the headline Germany, Politics 19th & early 20th Century contains book – contents from the middle of the 19th Century onwards. In January 1871, the still independent German States (without Austria / Hungary) declared themselves – let’s say under Prussian Pressure –  as ‘united’, from now onwards known as (zweites) Deutsches Reich. This incident happened in Versailles / France. Then on the 18th January 1871 – still in the Chateau of Versailles / France – surprisingly Deutsches Reich declared itself as Kaiserreich. Since this German ‘Kaiser Crowning’, the 18th January 1871 is considered “….als Geburtstunde des deutschen Nationalstaats.” (C. Jahr, Blut und Eisen, Wie Preussen Deutschland erzwang, Muenchen, 2020, p. 255). In other words, this ‘Deutsche Kaiser’ was never elected. However, with the ‘help’ from the Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Koenig Wilhelm of Prussia became in addition also “Deutscher Kaiser” (until year 1918, end of WWI). He – still – residing in Berlin, now Capital of Deutsches Reich. This ‘double function’ in one person’ for the King of Prussia / ‘Kaiser’ of Deutsches Reich, is also known as “Personalunion“, meaning two functions are ‘united’ in one person.

It is important to know, that between the year 1866 and January 1871, Prussia squeezed the still independent German States into its unification as Deutsches Reich. And into this Kaiser Ceremony in Versailles.This was a political (Prussian) coup from top to bottom. And not the other way round in a kind of a democratic process as – in a perfect world – it should have been. This is our (not exclusive) opinion.

Our titles with contents from the middle of the 19th – early 20th Century ends with contents from ‘physical’ publications till the year 1933. However, we have some few titles with contents against Hitler, often originally published in pamphlets during NAZI Germany’s horrible twelve years period of this regime.

126 titles are dealing with Political History in other countries. In this case please go to Germany, Politics 19th & early 20th Century / International Politics 1871 – 1933). Most of these titles are translations into German language. Around 70 titles contains Russian Political History during these times.

Last update: 18th October 2025